进入２１世纪以来，国内道路建设规模和建设速度持续增长。近年来随着公路设计服务年限的临近，各地道路陆续出现一系列病害，由此导致道路养护里程和养护规模急速增长，在此过程中不可避免地产生大量的沥青铣刨料，其中包括回收沥青混合料以及回收水泥稳定基层料。露天堆放、填埋等传统处理方法会造成环境污染以及资源浪费。此外，随着天然集料和沥青材料的供应紧缺和上涨，对道路建设成本以及施工进度产生了一定的负面影响，因此，再生技术得到了广泛的关注和应用。再生技术主要包括热再生技术和冷再生技术。相比于热再生，冷再生技术通常采用乳化沥青或泡沫沥青作为沥青胶结料，在常温下进行拌和和压实，可降低沥青胶结料的初始老化，且能量消耗仅为生产同等沥 青 混 合 料 的 ２０％～４０％，具 有、可持续性强和经济效益高等优势。根据施工工艺、铣刨深度以及拌和场地的不同，冷再生技术细分为就地 冷 再 生、厂拌冷再生、和全深式冷再生。冷再生技术经过几十年的发展已被世界各国广泛应用，在美国、加拿大、法国、德国、澳大利亚等已较为成熟。目前冷再生技术主要应用于轻交通等级的路面修复，弗吉尼亚州交通部的研究表明冷再生技术对于重交通道路的修复也具有明显的适用性和显著的成本效益。本系列专题总结了：专题一：冷再生技术类别及发展现状专题二：乳化沥青和泡沫沥青混合料材料组成性能分析专题三：配合比设计及路面结构设计方法、路用性能分析专题四：冷再生技术工艺和施工设备等研究现状并对相关技术方法进行了对比分析，提出了冷再生技术的关键研究问题和未来发展趋势，旨在进一步促进冷再生技术在实际工程中的应用。专题一：冷再生技术发展现状

　　Since the beginning of the 21st century, the scale and speed of domestic road construction have continued to grow. In recent years, as the service life of highway design approaches, a series of road diseases have emerged in various regions, leading to a rapid increase in road maintenance mileage and scale. In this process, a large amount of asphalt milling materials are inevitably generated, including recycled asphalt mixtures and recycled cement stabilized base materials. Traditional methods such as open-air stacking and landfilling can cause environmental pollution and waste of non renewable resources. In addition, with the shortage and price increase of natural aggregates and asphalt materials, it has had a certain negative impact on road construction costs and construction progress. Therefore, recycling technology has received widespread attention and application. Regeneration technology mainly includes hot regeneration technology and cold regeneration technology. Compared with hot recycling, cold recycling technology usually uses emulsified asphalt or foam asphalt as asphalt binder. Mixing and compaction at room temperature can reduce the initial aging of asphalt binder, and the energy consumption is only 20%~40% of the production of the same asphalt mixture. It has the advantages of energy conservation, environmental protection, strong sustainability and high economic benefits. According to different construction techniques, milling depths, and mixing sites, cold recycling technology is divided into on-site cold recycling, factory mixed cold recycling, and full depth cold recycling. Cold regeneration technology has been widely applied in countries around the world after decades of development, and has become relatively mature in countries such as the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Australia. At present, cold recycling technology is mainly applied to the repair of light traffic grade road surfaces. Research by the Virginia Department of Transportation shows that cold recycling technology also has significant applicability and cost-effectiveness for the repair of heavy traffic roads. This series of topics summarized: Topic I: cold recycling technology categories and development status Topic II: emulsified asphalt and foam asphalt mixture material composition performance analysis Topic III: mix design and pavement structure design methods, road performance analysis Topic IV: cold recycling technology process and construction equipment and other research status, and made a comparative analysis of related technical methods, put forward the key research issues and future development trends of cold recycling technology, in order to further promote the application of cold recycling technology in practical projects. Topic 1: Development Status of Cold Recycling Technology

　　1、北美

　　1. North America

　　美国早在１９１５年开展冷再生技术研究，但在１９７４年 前 开 展 的 相 关 试 验 研 究 较 少，在 ２０ 世 纪７０年代后逐步得到推 广 应 用。截 止１９８５年 底，宾夕法尼亚交通部完成了包括就地冷再生、厂拌冷再生和全深式冷再生在内的大约９０个冷再生项目，旨在推动冷再生在基层应用建立标准规范，并为相关工程项目提供施工技术指导。自１９８４年以来，美国交通部开展了１２０余项就地冷再生项目，并持续对该技术的施工工艺和材料性能进行评估。到２０世纪８０年代末，美国沥青再生料用量已占到全部沥青混合料的一半。堪萨斯州交通部自１９８６年采用冷再生技术修复路面，并在１９９０～１９９２年期间修建了４条试验 路。截 １９９６年，爱 荷华 州 已 完 成９７个就地冷再生项目。美国２５个州的沥青再生料使用 规 模 已 达 到 近２亿 吨。Ｍｏｒｉａｎ等介 绍 了美国宾夕法尼亚州４４条实施冷再生技术的路段使用情况，调查结果显示冷再生路面抗反射裂缝性能较传统热拌混合料直接加铺的方式提高了１～２倍，且成本低于其２／３。美国沥青路面协会年度调查显示，２０１８年９９％以上的ＲＡＰ料被回收利用。目 前，美 国 联 邦 公 路 局 颁 布 了ＦｅｄｅｒａｌＬａｎｄｓＨｉｇｈｗａｙＳｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ，并对ＣＩＲ和ＦＤＲ两种再生工艺进行了规范，此外全美目前有４１个州少颁布了一种冷再生技术规范；加拿大１０个省或地区中有３个省或地区制定了有关冷再生的技术规范。北美地区 的 冷 再 生 技 术 规 范 的 制 定 情 况 如 图１所示］，共涉及８３个冷再生技术规范，其中大约５４％（４５个规范）规 范 了ＣＩＲ，１７％（１４个 规范）规 范 了ＣＣＰＲ，２９％（２４个规范）规范了ＦＤＲ。ＲＡＰ料除了应用于沥青混合料，还作为碎石材料应用于道路建设。工程实践已证明 ＲＡＰ料可应用于无黏结 基 层 材 料 和 底 基 层 材 料，但 ＲＡＰ 料 级配是 限 制 其 应 用 的 主 要 因 素。美 国 ４９ 个 州 已 将ＲＡＰ料应用于沥青混合料中，包括佛吉尼亚州在内的１３个州应用于基层，其中４个州应用于底基层，２个州应用于稳定基层材料和路肩集料。总体来说，将 ＲＡＰ 料 应用于级配碎石基层和底基层具有良好的路用性能。

　　The United States first conducted research on cold regeneration technology in 1915, but there were relatively few related experimental studies conducted before 1974. It gradually gained widespread application after the 1970s. By the end of 1985, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation had completed approximately 90 cold recycling projects, including on-site cold recycling, factory mixed cold recycling, and full depth cold recycling, aimed at promoting the establishment of standard specifications for cold recycling applications at the grassroots level and providing construction technical guidance for related engineering projects. Since 1984, the US Department of Transportation has carried out over 120 on-site cold recycling projects and continuously evaluated the construction process and material properties of this technology. By the late 1980s, the use of recycled asphalt in the United States had accounted for half of all asphalt mixtures. The Kansas Department of Transportation has been using cold recycling technology to repair road surfaces since 1986 and built four test roads between 1990 and 1992. As of 1996, Iowa had completed 97 on-site cold recycling projects. The use of asphalt recycled materials in 25 states in the United States has reached nearly 200 million tons. Morian et al. introduced the usage of cold recycling technology in 44 road sections in Pennsylvania, USA. The survey results showed that the anti reflective crack performance of cold recycled pavement was 1-2 times higher than that of traditional hot mix direct paving, and the cost was less than 2/3 of it. The annual survey by the National Asphalt Pavement Association in the United States shows that over 99% of RAP materials were recycled in 2018. At present, the Federal Highway Administration of the United States has issued the Federal Lands Highway Specifications and standardized the CIR and FDR recycling processes. In addition, there are currently 41 states in the United States that have issued at least one cold recycling technology specification; Three out of ten provinces or territories in Canada have established technical specifications for cold regeneration. The development of cold regeneration technology specifications in North America is shown in Figure 1, involving a total of 83 cold regeneration technology specifications, of which approximately 54% (45 specifications) regulate CIR, 17% (14 specifications) regulate CCPR, and 29% (24 specifications) regulate FDR. RAP material is not only used in asphalt mixtures, but also as crushed stone material in road construction. Engineering practice has proven that RAP material can be applied to non bonded base materials and sub base materials, but the gradation of RAP material is the main factor limiting its application. Forty nine states in the United States have applied RAP material to asphalt mixtures, including 13 states including Virginia for base use, with 4 states for subbase and 2 states for stabilizing base materials and shoulder aggregates. Overall, applying RAP material to graded crushed stone base and subbase has good road performance.

　　2、欧洲

　　2. Europe

　　２０世纪７０年代中期，德国、荷兰以及芬兰等陆 续 开 展 了 路 面 再 生 料 的 研 究。欧 盟 颁 布 的ＷａｓｔｅＦｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｖｅ（２００８／９８／ＥＣ）中 明确了沥青再生技术的重要性，到２０２０年非危害性建筑垃圾（包括 沥 青 垃 圾）的 回 收 率 应 达 到７０％。德 国目前 已 实 现 了 将１００％ＲＡＰ料 回收 再 利 用。芬 兰将路面再生材料主要应用于轻交通等级路面的面层和基层，近年来逐渐应用于高等级公路。法国将冷再生技术推广于高速公路和主要交通道路的修复工程。比利时于１９８９年引进了冷再生技术，并在１９８９～２００１年 修 复 了３０万 平 方 米 的 再 生 路面。在冷再生沥青混合料的规范标准方面，英国总结了ＲＡＰ料在道路修复和泡沫沥青结构层中的应用情况，《公路工程规范》的第９４７和９４８条中规范了就地冷再生和厂拌冷再生的设计流程，对配合比设计方法以及冷再生沥青路面的预期刚度模量提供指导。

　　In the mid-1970s, countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, and Finland successively conducted research on road recycled materials. The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) issued by the European Union emphasizes the importance of asphalt recycling technology, and by 2020, the recycling rate of non hazardous construction waste (including asphalt waste) should reach 70%. Germany has currently achieved the recycling and reuse of 100% RAP materials. Finland mainly applies recycled pavement materials to the surface and base layers of light traffic grade pavements, and has gradually applied them to high-grade highways in recent years. France will focus on promoting cold recycling technology in the repair projects of highways and major transportation roads. Belgium introduced cold recycling technology in 1989 and repaired 300000 square meters of recycled road surfaces from 1989 to 2001. In terms of the specifications and standards for cold recycled asphalt mixture, the UK summarized the application of RAP material in road repair and foam asphalt structural layer. Articles 947 and 948 of the Highway Engineering Specifications standardize the design process of in situ cold recycling and plant mix cold recycling, providing guidance for mix design methods and the expected stiffness and modulus of cold recycled asphalt pavement.

　　3、

　　3. China

　　截２０２１年末， 公 路 总 里 程５２８万 ，随着公路里程的增加，公路养护投入不断加大。交通部《公路网规划（２０１３～２０３０年）》指出，９７％的国道、省道及县乡道将进行升级改造，公路养护设备和服务市场规模达２０００亿人民币。建设较早的高等级公路多为半刚性基层沥青路面，由于沥青面层较薄，道路易发生结构性损伤，在道路养护过程中通常将沥青面层铣刨破碎后对半刚性基层进行处治。从１９９８年开始对冷再生沥青混合料进行大规模的研究和应用工作，经过多年的研究和推广已在高等级公路或干线公路得到一定程度的应用。２００７年之前，冷再生沥青混合料主要应用于高速公路的基层和底基层，近几年逐步推广应用下面层。２０１０年后，对泡沫沥青的研究越来越多，截２０１７年泡沫沥青已分别在江苏、浙江、湖北、广 东、江西以及天津等地得到一定规模的应用。２０１７年和２０１８年包茂高速陕蒙段和青银高速靖王段的路面大修工程，将乳化沥青厂拌冷再生作为下面层进行大面积推广应用，共利用了路面铣刨料约３０万吨，经济效益与环境效益显著。《“十四五”公路养护管理发展纲要》提出了大力推动废旧路面材料、工业废弃物等再生利用，提升资源利用效率。目前高速公路沥青路面材料循环利用率为９５％，普通国省道沥青路面材料循环利用率为８０％。4、冷再生技术对比分析

　　As of the end of 2021, the total length of highways in China was 5.28 million kilometers, and with the increase of highway mileage, investment in highway maintenance continues to increase. The National Highway Network Plan (2013-2030) issued by the Ministry of Transport states that 97% of China's national highways, provincial highways, and county and township roads will be upgraded and renovated, and the market size of highway maintenance equipment and services will reach 200 billion yuan. China's early construction of high-grade highways mostly used semi-rigid base asphalt pavement. Due to the thin asphalt surface layer, the road is prone to structural damage. In the process of road maintenance, the asphalt surface layer is usually milled and crushed before treating the semi-rigid base layer. China has been conducting large-scale research and application of cold recycled asphalt mixture since 1998, and after years of research and promotion, it has been applied to a certain extent on high-grade highways or main roads in China. Before 2007, cold recycled asphalt mixture was mainly used for the base and subbase of highways, and in recent years, it has gradually been promoted and applied to the lower layers. Since 2010, more and more research has been done on foam asphalt in China. As of 2017, foam asphalt has been applied in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Tianjin and other places on a certain scale. In 2017 and 2018, the road surface overhaul projects of the Shaanxi Inner Mongolia section of the Baomao Expressway and the Jingwang section of the Qingyin Expressway promoted the large-scale application of emulsified asphalt plant mixed cold recycling as the lower layer, using a total of about 300000 tons of road milling materials, with significant economic and environmental benefits. The "14th Five Year Plan for the Development of Highway Maintenance Management" proposes to vigorously promote the recycling of waste road materials, industrial waste, and other materials to improve resource utilization efficiency. At present, the recycling rate of asphalt pavement materials on Chinese highways is 95%, and the recycling rate of asphalt pavement materials on ordinary national and provincial roads is 80%. 4. Comparative analysis of cold regeneration technology

　　表１总结分析了３种冷再生技术适用的病害处治形式，参 照《公路沥青路面预防养护技术规范》（ＪＴＧ／Ｔ５１４２－０１—２０２１）对病害形式分类为路表病害、变形 类 病 害 和 裂 缝 类 病 害３种 形 式［２２］。表１中：√为适用；Δ为可用；×为不；上标ａ表示如果病害只发生在道路表层，可直接设置加铺层，或者进行就地冷再生处理；上标ｂ表示尽管该再生方式可处治该类型病害，但经济性较差，不采用；上标ｃ表示需对下承层进行加固处理；上标ｄ表示如果路基承载能力不足，可采取水泥、石灰等化学改良方法进行加固处理。

　　Table 1 summarizes and analyzes three types of disease treatment forms applicable to cold recycling technology. Referring to the "Technical Specification for Preventive Maintenance of Asphalt Pavement on Highways" (JTG/T5142-01-2021), the disease forms are classified into three types: surface diseases, deformation diseases, and crack diseases [22]. In Table 1: √ is applicable; Δ is available; X is not recommended; The superscript 'a' indicates that if the disease only occurs on the surface of the road, an additional layer can be directly added or on-site cold recycling treatment can be carried out; The superscript b indicates that although this regeneration method can treat this type of disease, its economy is poor and it is not recommended to use it; The superscript c indicates the need for reinforcement treatment of the underlying layer; The superscript d indicates that if the bearing capacity of the roadbed is insufficient, chemical improvement methods such as cement and lime can be used for reinforcement treatment.

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